An ICMP protocol mainly uses two terms:.

If a router is unable to route the data because of some unusual conditions such as disabled links, a device is on fire or network congestion, then the ICMP protocol is used to inform the sender that the datagram is undeliverable.

A datagram travels from router-to-router until it reaches its destination.It is a mechanism used by the hosts or routers to send notifications regarding datagram problems back to the sender.ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.The recipient adds the physical address both to its cache memory and to the datagram header ARP reply: Every device attached to the network will accept the ARP request and process the request, but only recipient recognize the IP address and sends back its physical address in the form of ARP reply.ARP request: When a sender wants to know the physical address of the device, it broadcasts the ARP request to the network.The two terms are mainly associated with the ARP Protocol:.ARP is a network layer protocol which is used to find the physical address from the IP address.ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.This can be accomplished by routing the IP datagram through various devices such as routers. When source and destination are on the distant network, then the IP datagram is sent indirectly. Routing: When IP datagram is sent over the same local network such as LAN, MAN, WAN, it is known as direct delivery.At the receiver side, all the fragments are reassembled to form an original message. Fragmentation can be done by the sender or intermediate router. If the size of IP datagram is greater than the MTU unit, then the IP protocol splits the datagram into smaller units so that they can travel over the local network. Fragmentation and Reassembly: The limit imposed on the size of the IP datagram by data link layer protocol is known as Maximum Transmission unit (MTU).An IP protocol ensures that the data is sent and received securely, it encapsulates the data into message known as IP datagram. Data Encapsulation and Formatting: An IP protocol accepts the data from the transport layer protocol.

Host-to-host communication: It determines the path through which the data is to be transmitted.The IP addresses are used by the internet and higher layers to identify the device and to provide internetwork routing. IP Addressing: This protocol implements logical host addresses known as IP addresses.IP Protocol: IP protocol is used in this layer, and it is the most significant part of the entire TCP/IP suite.įollowing are the responsibilities of this protocol: The main responsibility of the internet layer is to send the packets from any network, and they arrive at the destination irrespective of the route they take.įollowing are the protocols used in this layer are:.An internet layer is also known as the network layer.An internet layer is the second layer of the TCP/IP model.The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring, FDDI, X.25, frame relay.The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP datagram into frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP addresses into physical addresses.This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data between two devices on the same network.It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network.A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link layer defined in the OSI reference model.A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.Functions of TCP/IP layers: Network Access Layer Here, hierarchical means that each upper-layer protocol is supported by two or more lower-level protocols. TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, and each of them provides specific functionality.The first four layers provide physical standards, network interface, internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model and these four layers are represented in TCP/IP model by a single layer called the application layer.The TCP/IP model consists of five layers: the application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer and physical layer.The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI model.The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI model.

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